By Stephen K. Malone, DMD and Michael Costa, DDS, MHS 

We all know that the instrumentation options for dental hygiene services have come a long way since the first dental hygienist scaled teeth in 1906.   Early in the 20th century, the only technology a hygienist had was a set of sharp metal instruments and a spinning brush of gritty pumice. In the 1950s, ultrasonic technology was invented which helped disrupt calculus, but hygienists still had to follow up with scalers and polishers. Similarly, since the days of first scientific articles regarding oral micro-organisms in the 1870’s, our knowledge has increased exponentially regarding the role of oral biofilm not only in oral diseases, but whole-body health.   

In 2021 our office staff attended continuing education courses with legendary periodontist, Dr. Sam Low. Dr. Low introduced our practice to new technology that would help elevate our hygiene practice by improving biofilm removal, increasing patient ownership of personal oral hygiene practices, decreasing damage to root surfaces and restorations, and providing a gentler patient experience.   

The instrumentation is provided though a unit called a Prophylaxis Master – which is a combination of two different treatment modalities.  The hygienist first uses the Airflow unit to remove soft biofilm and young calculus.  The airflow handpiece delivers a combination of water, air and fine erythritol powder to lift and suction away the biofilm as well as stains.  Once the biofilm, young calculus and surface stains are removed, the hygienist moves to the integrated Piezo scaler to gently emulsify the remaining calculus. There are several different tips for both units to access deep pockets and implant surfaces safely. 

Scientific research has demonstrated this system is the gentlest and most efficient way to eliminate bacteria around cosmetic work and titanium implants, on enamel and root surfaces, and even on soft tissues. 

The GBT Protocol 

To get the most out of our investment, we implemented the “GBT” protocol, which is recommended by EMS, the company that manufactures the Prophylaxis Master. The 8-step GBT protocol is as follows:  

1. Assess the teeth, gingiva, periodontal tissues, and any implants and peri-implant tissues. 
2. Use disclosing solution to identify areas of biofilm accumulation. The color will also guide the hygienist to remove the biofilm with Airflow handpiece, after which calculus is easier to detect. 
3. Show the patient the colored biofilm to raise awareness. Spend time educating the patient and emphasizing the importance of prevention. 
4. Removal of biofilm, early calculus and stains with the Airflow. Airflow Plus powder is safe to use on teeth, root surfaces, gums, tongue, and palate. It can also be used to clean dental implants, restorations, orthodontic appliances, and clear aligners. 
5. Use Airflow Plus powder with the Perioflow® nozzle to remove biofilm in >4 to 9mm pockets, root furcations, and on implants. 
6. Remove the remaining calculus, using the minimally invasive EMS PIEZON® PS instrument supra and subgingivally in up to 10mm pockets and clean >10mm pockets with a mini curette. Use the EMS PIEZON® PI MAX instrument around implants up to 3mm subgingivally and on restorations. 
7. After checking to make sure all biofilm and calculus has been removed, diagnosing for caries, and applying fluoride for a fresh and smooth feeling. 
8. Schedule the patient’s recall visit based on risk assessment. 

What Our Patients Love About It  

• Patients trust the thoroughness of the therapy because they can see the disclosed biofilm before it is removed and its absence after it is removed.  

• The therapy is more comfortable than traditional methods. The water is warmed, and there is minimal root surface sensitivity compared to traditional hand and ultrasonic instrumentation.  

• This technology gently reaches into places where traditional instruments couldn’t remove stains and tartar.  

• The education patients receive from our hygienists highlights the value of the therapy.  

• We have found that this is a superior stain and calculus removing technology.  

• The erythritol powder that is mixed with warm water is pleasant tasting.  

 What Our Hygienists Love About It  

• Less hand instrumentation means less body fatigue.  

• There is superior stain removal and visual evidence that the biofilm is completely removed.  

• Patients don’t complain about sensitivity or “poking.”  

 What Doctors Love About It 

• Patients are happier.  

• Hygienists are happier.  

• It eliminates patient complaints about hygienists who are either “too aggressive” or “not aggressive enough” with instrumentation.  

• It prevents damage to cosmetic and implant restorations, as well as root and enamel surfaces.  

Note: We are not paid to promote EMS or Guided Biofilm Therapy. We honestly think this is the best way we can efficiently, comfortably, and thoroughly provide the comprehensive care our patients deserve—and we thought we should share our great experience 

Stephen Malone, DMD 

Our Knoxville, Tennessee, dental practice has grown to where we now have four dentists, as well as four hygienists, six dental assistants, two patient coordinators, a practice manager with two front-office patient care specialists, and one more primary partner in our dental practice—Bob Cutshaw. Bob is a master lab technician with over 40 years of experience and owner of Cutshaw Labs. He has been a partner in care with me for nearly 25 years and collaborates with our doctors on all dental restorations requiring lab work. 

Recently, I was thinking again about how grateful I am for my association with Bob and for the many benefits of having his lab located downstairs within our practice facility. Perhaps, having a lab in-house is something other dentists might aspire to eventually have in their own private practice. 

Bob is involved in care planning just as much as I and the other dentists. We can sit side by side to collaborate on treatment using a combination of digital 3D modeling and analog articulated models and wax-ups. 

For patients with complex needs, he routinely comes into the operatory or the consultation room to meet with patients. As he explains his involvement in their care and how the highest quality materials and latest techniques will be used, they become fascinated in the laboratory methods and technologies. Some request a tour of the lab and want to watch some of the process. 

We use digital designs for all prosthetics. Bob’s professional-grade 3D printers work all day long for predictable, efficient fabrication of custom restorations. Then he hand-paints and glazes the crowns and prosthetics for optimal natural aesthetics. Because he is involved in planning our most complex cases that involve implant supported hybrid denture, he is deeply invested in the details that allow the finished product to be delivered with ease. 

Having his lab in-house allows us to rapidly fix issues that arise, for example, alterations to a restoration when it doesn’t quite fit right or has a slightly incorrect shade. Instead of waiting for days or weeks to deliver back and forth a restoration to an outside lab, we make the changes here on the same day. 

For Patients undergoing clear aligner treatment, we manufacture our clear aligners in-house. If a patient loses or damages a tray, it is immediately replaced so the patient doesn’t lose precious time in treatment. The same goes for our occlusal splints, night guards, sports mouth guards, and Essix retainers. 

One of the branding traits of our practice that has earned us our high reputation is the in-house laboratory. Without a doubt, having this lab just downstairs is a major way in which we enhance the quality of care we provide to our patients. 

Current digital splint technology requires workarounds to make it a feasible option for clinically exceptional dentistry. In Part 1 of this series, I described the challenges and opportunities of digital dental technology and explained some details of my preferred protocol. Here, I continue this explanation:

An Effective Digital Splints Protocol

In my practice, I mount digitally printed models using a centric relation record and a protrusive record for condylar inclination adjustments. This is just like we have done in the past with stone models. 

The lab technician can transfer this into the computer exactly as we have it in our hands. They do this with the use of a tabletop scanner. It’s important to note that the technician can now register original files for the impressions into position for the best accuracy. The greatest benefit today is the accuracy of these original scans (20-30 microns). 

The design portion comes next in this process. Communication with the technician can be done in real time online. My technician and I have been working with different settings in the software that give me the best chance of skipping the reline procedure patients don’t enjoy. 

I can also evaluate and do final adjustments on the mounted digital models and analog articulator. We have been successful about 80% of the time getting a splint that is rock solid and has an intimate fit on the occlusal surfaces. This is critical for fine-tuning adjustments and fracture resistance. 

If it ends up as an ill-fitting or loose-fitting splint, we can still reline just like we always have because it is a milled PMMA material (as dense as a denture tooth). 

Areas of Improvement for Digital Splints

My opinion at this time on digital splints is mixed:

Pro: We can produce a very high quality PMMA splint that lasts longer and generally gives the patient a better experience.

Con: We still need digital counterparts to essential analog skills that provide for all situations. 

Pro: I believe we will have printed materials that outperform current milled materials in the near future (this will lower the cost to produce splints). 

Con: It is frustrating that we are not getting better support from companies selling us  expensive equipment.

I am proud to be part of the Pankey family because our community encourages the use of technology to enhance good dentistry. 

The new challenge facing us in dentistry is how to incorporate technology into our daily practice. Digital splints specifically are a subject I have been working on for about a year. 

We have had the technology available to mill a splint out of acrylic for a few years now. However, we have not had a good protocol that meets all our needs. 

Digital Splints: Challenges

Some of the problems we face are as follows:

1) Lack of digital articulators that make all of the movements we are able to with semi adjustable articulators, such as crossover transitions. 

2) Absence of centric relation record mountings in software on a computer.

3) No rotational path insertion we can achieve from relines in the mouth. 

4) Few materials that are as good or better than we have now.

I believe we are well on our way to solving these issues. The biggest problem I see is something Dr. Pankey was dealing with many years ago. He talked about how the majority of dentists are indifferent to good comprehensive care dentistry. Therefore, most of the manufacturers of our dental equipment and software are catering to a majority that does not share our own clinical demands. 

These companies give me answers like, “That sounds great doc but who will I be able to sell that to?” I think we have to find workarounds for now that will encourage development in these technologies. Keep in mind, all of the workarounds I will explain are in line with what we teach at the Pankey Institute. 

Digital Splints: Opportunities

We also need systems we can duplicate and teach without compromising the quality of care or experience for patients. I believe there is great potential for higher quality materials and great fitting splints without relines. These two potentials alone can create more value and better experiences for patients.

Today I have a protocol that is some digital and some analog. I intraoral scan our impressions with the TRIOS scanner. I believe most of the scanners on the market today work very well and produce very accurate files that can be printed into models. I also use the TRIOS because it communicates very well with the 3SHAPE units most labs use. 

Now that I have files and models I have to mount them. This is our first problem to solve. I still use an analog facebow or facial analyzer. I mount these models on an articulator like the Denar Mark 330 because this is an articulator model programmed into the 3SHAPE software. 

To be continued…